What is Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma which was previously known as Hodgkin's disease is a cancer originating from white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphoma is characterized by the orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to another and by the development of systemic symptoms with advanced disease.

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It is less common type of cancer of lymphatic system. The survival rate of people with Hodgkin lymphoma has increased with the advancement in technology. It may be treated with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with the choice of treatment depending on the age and sex of the patient and the stage, bulk, and histological subtype of the disease.

Symptoms:
Common symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma include:
Painless swelling of lymph nodes in your neck, armpits or groin
Persistent fatigue
Fever and chills
Night sweats
Unexplained weight loss — as much as 10 percent or more of your body weight
Coughing, trouble breathing or chest pain

Loss of appetite
Itching
Increased sensitivity to the effects of alcohol or pain in your lymph nodes after drinking alcohol

Causes:
The exact cause of Hodgkin’s lymphoma is still not known. It is known that it occurs when an infection-fighting cell called a B cell develops a mutation in its DNA. The cells divide rapidly and continue living when healthy cells die. The mutation causes a large number of oversized, abnormal B cells to accumulate in the lymphatic system, where they crowd out healthy cells and cause the signs and symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
There are different types of Hodgkin lymphoma. The type helps to determine the treatment options.

Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma
Subtypes of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma include:
Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma
Mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma
Lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's lymphoma
Lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin's lymphoma
Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma

Risk factors:
Factors which are likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma is mostly diagnosed in people between the ages of 15 and 35, as well as those older than 55.
A family history of lymphoma can increase the risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Males are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Past Epstein-Barr infection can make you more likely to develop Hodgkin's lymphoma than are people who haven't had Epstein-Barr infections.
A weakened immune system increases the risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Diagnosis:
The doctor diagnoses Hodgkin lymphoma by conducting a physical exam. He may checks for swollen lymph nodes, including the neck, underarm and groin, as well as a swollen spleen or liver. He may examine the symptoms and may order different tests to verify the diagnosis.

Tests:
The following tests may be ordered by the specialist to confirm the diagnosis:
Blood tests
X-rays
Computerized tomography (CT scan)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Surgery to remove a swollen lymph node

A procedure to collect bone marrow for testing
After the extent of Hodgkin lymphoma is determined, the doctor will assign a stage to the cancer. The stage helps determine the prognosis and the treatment options. Stages increases with the severity of the disease.

It includes:
Stage I
Stage II   
Stage III
Stage IV

Treatments:
The appropriate treatment option is determined depending on the type and stage of disease, the overall health and the preferences of the patient. The goal of treatment is to destroy as many cancer cells as possible and bring the disease into remission. The treatment option may include:
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Stem cell transplant

Drugs:
List of drugs which are prescribed for the treatment and controlling the after effects of the treatment:
cyclophosphamide
Doxorubicin
chlorambucil
brentuximab
methotrexate
etoposide
bleomycin

Alternatives:
There are no alternatives that can treat Hodgkin lymphoma but alternative therapies are available to provide relief from stress and side effects of the disease and the treatment. These are:
Acupuncture
Yoga
Aromatherapy
Massage
Meditation
Relaxation techniques

Complications:
Hodgkin lymphoma can result in various complications. Chemotherapy can often cure many types of high-grade lymphoma. However, if the cancer does not respond to chemotherapy drugs, the disease can cause rapid death. The other complications may include:
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Infection
Side effects of chemotherapy drugs

Preventions:
There is no way to prevent lymphoma of any type. One can manage the symptoms by early detection and treatment. The side effects of the treatment may be controlled by protecting yourself from infections.

One can take up support groups to mentally deal with the disease. They make you learn enough about your cancer to make decisions about your care. They also help in building a strong support system and connect with other cancer survivors.

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Ears plays a very important role in Human‘s Life

Audiology is a study of hearing, balance, and related disorders. According to experts in India 16%population is suffering from hearing impaired or loss.
 

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Types of Hearing Loss are as follows:
Conductive hearing loss: This hearing loss is due to problems with the ear canal, ear drum, or middle ear and its little bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes)
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL): In this loss the ear has nerve-related hearing issues.
Mixed hearing loss: This disorder is damage in the outer or middle ear and in the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve.

Causes of Hearing Loss are as follows:
Fluid in the middle ear from colds
Ear infection
Allergies
Perforated eardrum
Benign tumors

Impacted earwax
Infection in the ear canal
Foreign body in the ear
Exposure to loud noise
Head trauma
Virus or disease

Autoimmune inner ear disease
Hearing loss that runs in the family
Aging (presbycusis)
Otosclerosis - a hereditary disorder in which a bony growth forms around a small bone in the middle ear, preventing it from vibrating when stimulated by sound.
Tumors

Audiologist is a specialist who treats all types of hearing loss for all ages. Most hearing loss is caused by nerve damage. They can be treated by that audiologist assistive listening devices, and hearing rehabilitation.  They don’t do any kind of surgery and prescribe certain medication. Audiologists are authority at explaining the details of hearing loss and how to use hearing aids. They are trained counselors of the patient’s and their family. Hearing problems can affect both personal and professional life.

They also affect the health at any individual point of time. Sometime the problem of hearing loss is permananent and temporary as well. The hearing loss problem can felt patient embarrassing. This problem can cause physical problem like worry, anxiety etc. Audiologist can easily identify and assess hearing and balance disorders.

India has famous audiologist in every city. Audiologists are identifying the problem and finding a perfect solution. The major city of India are Delhi , Noida and Gurgaon are having best audiologist .These cities audiologist diagnose and gives essential treatment for this disease. He checking up the ears and provide adequate treatment for his patient’s. They are professionally trained individual is also completely aware of the latest technology. In India audiologist is concern about budget of patient’s treatment.

Audiologist are gives appropriate medicines to their patient’s. They also give useful tips for healthy ears. They communicate well with all type of people.There is numerous benefit of Audiologist in India. They are advisable to what type of treatment they give. Audiologist is help to improve hearing disorders and impairment. They also provide hearing impaired for deaf patients.

They analyze and correct dialysis for every patient’s. Audiologist evaluates patients and prescribes good medicines for his patient’s. This specialist can handle all patients’ difficulties which they came for treatment. They familiar with his every patient for benefit his treatment.

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Patient’s Life Grasps in Anesthesiologist

Anesthesia is used in surgeries as a method of minimizing pain during the Surgery procedure. It’s help to manage breathing problem, blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate and beat. They use in Relax, Block pain, Make you sleepy and Make you unconscious for your surgery. They are a vital component of the surgical team and are often involved when preparation of surgery.

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There are three types of Anesthesia are as follows:
Local Anesthesia: They used for numbs amount of the body for slight procedures. For Example they used in Block Pain.
Regional Anesthesia: This type of Anesthesia used in spinal cord injury. This anesthesia is help to get patient’s relax or sleep.
General Anesthesia: This anesthesia is affects brain and rest of the body. With this anesthesia the patient forget about the surgery and its pain of cuts.

Anesthesiologist is a general practitioner trained in anesthesia and perioperative medicine. Anesthesiologist is physicians who provide drug treatments (anesthesia) to arrange them for surgical procedure. These drugs are made to stop patients from occurrence pain. Throughout surgery, it is the anesthesiologist's work to watch the patients' critical symptoms and modify the medicine dosage amounts suitably. The anesthesiologist is frequently on the keep track of patients just after surgery, and it's really they who can resolve when patients.

They are concerned in perioperative care, which is attending to the needs of a patient before, during and after surgery. They also play an important role during the patient’s recovery process. Anesthesiologist is responsible for intimately observe the crucial signs of the patient, such as heart rate, blood pressure and breathing. They constantly keep on track of patient’s health status after the surgery.

These days India has very scope of anesthesiologist having high skilled associated with health career.  These are very demanding in medical field because they are highly educated in this profession. They prevent patient’s feeling discomfort between surgeries. Anesthesiologists are medical practitioners who are specialized in relieving pain. They require a proper training in anesthesia and perioperative medicine.

They are like all physicians and have extensive education to become an anesthesiologist. In India we have four years of undergraduate schooling, four years in medical school, internship (one year) and anesthesiology residency job for (three) . They take quick decision during the surgery. The anesthesiologist is responsible patient’s pain relief.

Anesthesiologist uses good quality of anesthesia for patient’s better pain control. Best and well trained anesthesiologist diagnoses the patient’s chronic pain. They are very depending on their practice. They have wide range of knowledge. They monitor each and every heart and pulse rate. They are very important part of during surgery. He also suggests the appropriate amount anesthesia for body type.

The anesthesiologist has the power to stop a surgery if the patient is showing signs of distress while undergoing surgery. He has numerous responsibilities in the surgery room. As per income based they have earn very well. They often very well paid physician in hospitals. An anesthesiologist holds the life of a patient in his hands during surgery and prevents the pain also. 

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Look for The Eye

Eye is an organ that is the most spoken about in poems and romantic songs. Eye not only fascinated poets but doctors as well. Eyes are the most beautiful yet most fragile and a master piece in form of an organ. They require extreme care for good eye sight.  Eye care specialists also called “optometrists” or ophthalmologists are the ones taking care of this beautiful organ.

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Work of an eye is to look around and see things which are made possible by vision. Depth perceptions, color detection, shape recognition eye-hand coordination, dexterity, being able to look at an object or printed words and store it into memory. If any of the above is not working efficiently, vision is compromised, and many signs or symptoms may occur. Many times, poor grades and trouble in school are indicators of vision related learning problems among children.

Fluctuating vision or headaches can indicate focusing problems.
Headaches, double vision, poor reading comprehension, poor attention skills, poor depth perception, or utilization of only one eye often arise from poor eye alignment (convergence or divergence).
Clumsiness, poor balance, poor reading, poor attention skills, and difficulty with sports may be due to inaccuracy of eye movements.
Trouble with puzzles, games, or construction may be derived from poor shape recognition.

Conjunctivitis.
Eye Allergies caused when something irritating (allergen) invades your eyes, like cat dander or fumes. Symptoms of eye allergies include itchy eyes and red, watery and puffy eyes.
Eye Trauma: Getting hit in the eye can certainly cause redness, along with pain and blurred vision. The eye may be scratched or gouged, but there also could be hidden damage inside the eye, such as a detached retina, that can be very serious and must be treated. Unless the hit is very light, an eye doctor should treat eye traumas right away.

Eye infections like viral keratitis, fungal keratitis, trachoma, endophthalmitis, and dacryocystitis.
Cataract.
Glaucoma.
Presbyopia.
Color blindness.
Far sightedness or near sightedness
Keratoconus.

All these problems are catered by an eye specialist or an ophthalmologist who is often called as eye surgeon. Some of these are corrected by suggesting some medicines like eye drops or spectacles of required power to correct eye sight or vision but few of them like cataract, glaucoma or Keratoconus require eye surgery for their treatment.

Delhi has around 230 eye specialists or eye surgeons (ophthalmologist) helping your eyes to see the world better. But first you should take care of your eyes to avoid such complications. Some of the ways to maintain healthy eye are:
Wear sunglasses that have UV protection before going out in sun.
Wash your eyes with clean cool water 3-4 times a day.

Eat foods rich in carotenoids, especially lutein and zeaxathin, like spinach. They protect eye from sun damage.
Eggs: They are rich in cysteine, sulfur, lecithin, amino acids and lutein. Sulfur-containing compounds protect the lens of the eye from cataract formation. Garlic and onion are also rich in sulfur.

Fruits and vegetables including berries, carrots, squash that are rich in vitamin A, C, E and beta-carotene that is good for daytime vision and they berries also have anthocyanins that is good for nighttime vision. 
By maintaining healthy food diet, you can get rid of at least half of the eye diseases mentioned above and others can be avoided by following a hygienic life style.

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NEUROLOGISTS HELP OUT TREATING YOUR NERVE

We all know that our body is made up of thousands of organs which all combine to make various organ systems. All these organ systems have there own individual piece of work but still they work in proper coordination so that our body can have a proper mechanism. All these organ systems are very important for our body; even if one of the organs will face any kind of problem then it is for sure that the other organs will also face some problem because of the coordination in between them. All this, may even start affecting your overall body and its health. Hence, it is really important that you take proper care of your body and organ systems. 

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There are various organ systems in our body, such as: reproductive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, endocrine system, excretory system, muscular system, skeletal system, integumentary system, digestive system, lymphatic system, urinary system and the nervous system. The nervous system is one of the most important systems of our body. The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of humans and transmit signals between different parts of its body.

In humans, the nervous system consists of two parts, central and peripheral. The central nervous system of humans contains the brain, spinal cord, and retina. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, clusters of neurons called ganglia, and nerves connecting them to each other and to the central nervous system. These regions are all interconnected by means of complex neural pathways. 

In simple words the nervous system is the one which helps in coordination among all the organ systems. The basic work of nervous system is to transmit the message from one place to another; for example, transmitting the message from brain to other parts of the body. Hence, the nervous system plays a very important part in our body. There are many people who are in a regular habit of drinking lots of alcohol. What the problem arises is that under the affect of alcohol the nervous systems stops working properly. This is the reason why people start having improper gait and behavior under the large affect of alcohol. So it is always suggested that people should drink less of alcohol, regular alcohol intake can result in serious problem for the nervous system.

In many cases of accidents the nervous system of person gets affected and it creates a lot of trouble for their body; there are some serious cases of nervous disorders that come up after accidents. It is really very important to keep your nerves fit to have a healthy body. But there are specialized bio medical professionals who can help you out such as the neurologists in Delhi. The neurosurgeon in Delhi can operate your nerves if the need any kin of operation for the betterment. The pediatric neurologists in Delhi are expertise in diagnose and treatment of children having nervous disorders.

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Look Younger and Feel Younger

It is a fascinating idea to if you could stay young forever. You have wrinkle free skin, no blemishes or ageing effects on your face. Medical technology has paved the way for cosmetic surgery which enables us to look younger and have wrinkle free skin. As we grow older, we start looking out for imperfections and miss the youthfulness. You don’t feel like seeing into the mirror and the only option left is to go for a cosmetic surgery. The aesthetic face surgery can restore confidence in your appearance. Usually men and women over 40 years of age go for this procedure.

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Over the period of time, skin begins to wrinkle and sag as a result of age, sun exposure and genetics. If you are concerned about aged skin, face lift surgery is the right medical option for you. Facelift surgeries medically known as rhytidectomy rejuvenate the appearance of face by tightening the skin and muscles of face, chin and neck. If you observe following changes, you can undergo a surgical procedure:

Sagging
Deep creases below the lower eyelids and along the nose
Creation of jowls as a result of loss of muscle tone in the lower face
Loose skin or excess fatty deposits(double chin)

As an uplifting surgery, a facelift does not change your original appearance and cannot stop the aging process. Before taking a final decision you must consider the risks involved and choose the best cosmetic surgeon for the same. Here are some facelift risks one must be aware of:
Unfavorable scarring

Bleeding or Infection
Poor wound healing
Anesthesia risks
Facial nerve injury with weakness
Facial asymmetry
Skin loss
Numbness or other changes in skin sensation
Fluid accumulation

Pain
Skin contour irregularities
Skin discoloration, sensitivity or swelling
Unsatisfactory results may include asymmetry
A facelift can only be performed surgically.  Also you should do it for yourself, not to fulfill someone else’s desires.

It is an expensive treatment so you should enquire about various costs involved such as surgeon’s fee, hospital costs, medications and medical tests. While choosing a cosmetic surgeon for facelift surgery, you should look out for surgeon’s experience, goodwill and your comfort level.
 A cosmetic surgeon advice you a facelift surgery if you are physically healthy, do not smoke and have realistic goal in your mind for the improvement of your appearance.

Following your cosmetologist’s instructions is important for successful results. Some precautions should be taken after the process such as treated area is not subjected to excessive force, scrape or motion during the time of healing. Your cosmetic surgeon will give you specific instructions on how to take proper care. You should have patience as it may take some months for swelling to fully disperse. In order to prevent aging after surgery, you can use sun protection that will help to maintain your rejuvenated appearance by minimizing sun damage. 

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Causes Symptoms and Treatment of Anthrax

Anthrax is an acute disease caused by bacterium bacillus anthracis. Most forms of disease are lethal and affect both humans and animals. There are many effective vaccines to cure the disease, some forms disease responds positively to the antibiotic treatment. Anthrax is also well defined in the ancient time literature of Greeks, romans and Hindu. The earliest description of anthrax is the fifth plague, mentioned in the book of genesis. Anthrax is the life-threatening disease that is more often found in animals. Anthrax is transmitted into humans in contact with animals or their products. Anthrax is a contagious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans, but it does not spread from person to person.

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Anthrax in humans is developed in three ways either through skins; which forms ugly sores that usually vanishes without any treatment, carcasses of dead animals that have been contaminated with anthrax and the third and the most deadly form is inhalation of anthrax, inhaled anthrax migrate to lymph glands in the chest where they proliferate, spread, and produce toxins that often cause death. Gastrointestinal anthrax develops when someone eat anthrax tainted meat. Anthrax is commonly found in hoofed animals such as sheep, goat, and cattle and human beings who come in contact with infected animals develop anthrax. Farmers, veterinarians, tannery and wool workers are widely exposed to the disease anthrax.

Symptoms of anthrax depend on the type of anthrax. Symptoms of cutaneous infection are seen within 1 to 7 days of infection.
An itchy sore is developed similar to an insect bite. This sore may blister and forms a black surface.
The sores is generally painless but is surrounded by swelling.
A scab is formed which dries and falls within 2 weeks. Complete healing may require time.

Symptoms of inhalation anthrax include;
Starts with fever, malaise, headache, and cough, shortness of breath and chest pain.
Fever and shock may occur many times.

Symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax start within 1 week and may include;
Abdominal pain
Bloody diarrhea
Diarrhea
Fever
Mouth sores

Nausea and vomiting, vomit may contain blood.
Test and treatment of anthrax also depends upon the type of anthrax and the reason behind it. A culture of skin and may be biopsy are done on the skin sores. The sample is observed through microscope to identify the anthrax germ. Test includes;
Blood culture
Chest CT scan or chest X-ray
Spinal tap to check for infection around the spinal column

Sputum culture
Fluid and blood sample may be sent to special laboratory for more testing, including PCR, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Cutaneous anthrax is easily treated with antibiotics. People suffering from inhalation anthrax have a poor outlook even with antibiotics. Gastrointestinal anthrax may develop bloodstream, and may result in death.

People who have been exposed to the infection but have no symptoms of disease, doctors may prescribe them the some preventive antibiotics depending upon the strain of anthrax like ciprofloxacin, penicillin, and doxycycline.

Call your health care provider if you are exposed to the anthrax and if you develop symptoms of anthrax.

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